Twifuzaga cyane isi y'amabara kuva mu bwana.Ndetse n'amagambo "amabara" na "amabara" akoreshwa kenshi mugusobanura umugani.
Uru rukundo rusanzwe rwamabara rutuma ababyeyi benshi bafata gushushanya nkibyingenzi byabana babo.Nubwo abana bake bakunda gushushanya, abana bake barashobora kurwanya igikundiro cyisanduku irangi.
Indimu yumuhondo, umuhondo wumuhondo, umutuku wera, ibyatsi icyatsi, icyatsi cya olive, umutuku weze, ocher, cobalt ubururu, ultramarine ... aya mabara meza ameze nkumukororombya ukoraho, ushimuta ubwenge bwabana.
Abantu bumva neza bashobora gusanga amazina yaya mabara ahanini ari amagambo asobanura, nkicyatsi kibisi nicyatsi gitukura.Ariko, hariho ibintu bimwe na bimwe nka "ocher" abantu basanzwe badashobora kumva.
Niba uzi amateka ya pigment zimwe, uzasanga hari andi mabara nkaya yarimbuwe muruzi muremure wigihe.Inyuma ya buri bara ni inkuru ivumbi.
Igihe kinini, pigment yabantu ntishobora kwerekana igihumbi cyiyi si yamabara.
Igihe cyose hagaragaye pigment nshya, ibara ryerekana ihabwa izina-rishya.
Ibara rya mbere ryaturutse ku myunyu ngugu karemano, kandi inyinshi muri zo zaturutse mu butaka bwakorewe ahantu hihariye.
Ifu ya Ocher irimo ibyuma byinshi bimaze igihe kinini ikoreshwa nka pigment, kandi umutuku wijimye werekana nanone witwa ibara rya ocher.
Nko mu kinyejana cya kane mbere ya Yesu, Abanyamisiri ba kera bari barize ubushobozi bwo gukora pigment.Bazi gukoresha imyunyu ngugu karemano nka malachite, turquoise na cinnabar, kuyisya no kwoza n'amazi kugirango ubuziranenge bwa pigment.
Muri icyo gihe, Abanyamisiri ba kera na bo bari bafite ikoranabuhanga ryiza ryo gusiga amarangi.Ibi byafashaga Misiri ya kera gushushanya umubare munini wamabara meza kandi meza.
Kumyaka ibihumbi, iterambere ryibintu byabantu ryatewe nubuvumbuzi bwamahirwe.Kugirango tunonosore amahirwe yubwoko nkubu, abantu bagerageje byinshi bidasanzwe kandi barema icyiciro cyibara ryiza n amarangi.
Ahagana mu mwaka wa 48 mbere ya Yesu, Sezari mukuru yabonye ubwoko bw'imyenda y'umuhengeri muri Egiputa, maze ahita ashimishwa.Yagaruye ibara, ryitwa bone snail purple, asubira i Roma maze ahindura ibara ryihariye ryumuryango wibwami wAbaroma.
Kuva icyo gihe, umutuku wabaye ikimenyetso cyicyubahiro.Kubwibyo, ibisekuru byakurikiyeho bakoresha imvugo "yavutse mubururu" kugirango basobanure imiryango yabo.Nyamara, uburyo bwo gukora ubu bwoko bwamagufwa yumutuku wijimye ushobora kwitwa umurimo mwiza.
Shira igufwa ryaboze hamwe n ivu ryibiti mu ndobo yuzuye inkari zaboze.Nyuma yigihe kinini cyo guhagarara, ururenda rwijimye rwa gill gland ya glande yamagufwa ruzahinduka kandi rutange ibintu bita ammonium purpurite uyumunsi, byerekana ibara ryumutuku wubururu.
Inzira yuburyo bwa ammonium purpurite
Ibisohoka muri ubu buryo ni bito cyane.Irashobora gutanga munsi ya ml 15 y'irangi kuri 250000 y'amagufwa, bihagije kugirango irangi ikanzu y'Abaroma.
Byongeye kandi, kubera ko inzira yumusaruro unuka, iri rangi rishobora gukorerwa hanze yumujyi gusa.Ndetse imyenda yanyuma yiteguye itanga uburyohe budasanzwe budasobanutse umwaka wose, ahari ni "uburyohe bwa cyami".
Nta mabara menshi ameze nk'amagufwa yijimye.Mubihe ifu ya mummy yamenyekanye bwa mbere nkumuti hanyuma ikamenyekana nka pigment, havumbuwe indi pigment nayo yari ifitanye isano ninkari.
Nubwoko bwiza bwumuhondo kandi bubonerana, bwerekanwe numuyaga nizuba igihe kinini.Yitwa umuhondo.
Amagufwa yamagufa kugirango akore ibara ryumutuku wumwami
Ibikoresho byumuhondo wumuhinde
Nkuko izina ryayo ribivuga, ni pigment idasanzwe ituruka mubuhinde, bivugwa ko yakuwe mu nkari z'inka.
Izi nka zagaburiwe gusa amababi yimyembe namazi, bikaviramo imirire mibi ikabije, kandi inkari zirimo ibintu byihariye byumuhondo.
Turner yarashinyaguriwe kubera guhumekwa na jaundice kuko yakundaga cyane gukoresha umuhondo wu Buhinde
Izi pigment zidasanzwe hamwe namabara yiganjemo isi yubuhanzi igihe kirekire.Ntabwo byangiza abantu ninyamaswa gusa, ahubwo bifite umusaruro muke nibiciro biri hejuru.Kurugero, muri Renaissance, itsinda cyan ryakozwe mu ifu ya lapis lazuli, kandi igiciro cyacyo cyikubye inshuro eshanu ugereranije nizahabu nziza.
Hamwe niterambere riturika ryubumenyi nubuhanga bwabantu, pigment nayo ikeneye impinduramatwara ikomeye.Ariko, iyi mpinduramatwara ikomeye yasize igikomere cyica.
Isonga yera ni ibara ridasanzwe kwisi rishobora gusiga ikimenyetso mumico itandukanye.Mu kinyejana cya kane mbere ya Yesu, Abagereki ba kera bari barize uburyo bwo gutunganya amasasu yera.
Kuyobora Umweru
Mubisanzwe, utubari twinshi twinshi dushyira muri vinegere cyangwa umwanda winyamaswa hanyuma ugashyirwa mumwanya ufunze amezi menshi.Iherezo ryibanze rya karubone ni isonga yera.
Isasu ryateguwe ryera ryerekana ibara ryuzuye kandi ryijimye, rifatwa nkimwe mubintu byiza.
Nyamara, isuku yera ntabwo ari nziza gusa mubishushanyo.Abadamu b'Abaroma, abayapani geisha hamwe nabadamu b'Abashinwa bose bakoresha isuku yera kugirango basige mu maso.Mugihe bitwikiriye inenge zo mumaso, binabona uruhu rwirabura, amenyo yaboze kandi umwotsi.Mugihe kimwe, bizatera vasospasm, kwangirika kwimpyiko, kubabara umutwe, kuruka, impiswi, koma nibindi bimenyetso.
Mu ntangiriro, Umwamikazi Elizabeth yari afite uruhu rwijimye yarwaye uburozi
Ibimenyetso nkibi bigaragara no kubarangi.Abantu bakunze kuvuga ububabare budasobanutse kubarangi "colic colic".Ariko ibinyejana byarashize, kandi abantu ntibabonye ko ibyo bintu bidasanzwe biva mumabara bakunda.
Isonga yera mumaso yumugore ntishobora kuba nziza
Isonga yera nayo yakuye amabara menshi muriyi mpinduramatwara.
Van Gogh akunda chrome yumuhondo nubundi buryo bwo kuyobora, kuyobora chromate.Iyi pigment yumuhondo irasa kurusha umuhondo wacyo uteye ishozi, ariko irahendutse.
Ifoto ya Van Gogh
Kimwe na gurş yera, isasu ririmo ririmo byoroshye kwinjira mumubiri wumuntu kandi yiyoberanya nka calcium, biganisha ku ruhererekane rwindwara nka nervice sisitemu.
Impamvu Van Gogh, ukunda chrome yumuhondo kandi yuzuye umubyimba, amaze igihe kinini arwaye indwara zo mumutwe birashoboka ko biterwa n "" umusanzu "wumuhondo wa chrome.
Ikindi gicuruzwa cya revolution ya pigment ntabwo "kitazwi" nkicyuma cyera chrome yumuhondo.Irashobora gutangirana na Napoleon.Nyuma y'intambara ya Waterloo, Napoleon yatangaje ko yeguye, maze Abongereza bamujyana i St. Helena.Nyuma yo kumara igihe kitageze ku myaka itandatu kuri icyo kirwa, Napoleon yapfuye mu buryo budasanzwe, kandi impamvu z'urupfu rwe ziratandukanye.
Raporo y’isuzuma ry’Abongereza ivuga ko Napoleon yapfuye azize igisebe gikomeye cyo mu gifu, ariko ubushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe bwerekanye ko umusatsi wa Napoleon urimo arsenic nyinshi.
Ibikoresho bya arsenic byagaragaye mumisatsi myinshi yimyaka itandukanye byari inshuro 10 kugeza 100 muburyo busanzwe.Kubwibyo, abantu bamwe bemeza ko Napoleon yarozwe kandi barateguwe kugeza apfuye.
Ariko ukuri kwikibazo kiratangaje.Arsenic ikabije mumubiri wa Napoleon mubyukuri ituruka kumarangi yicyatsi kurupapuro.
Imyaka irenga 200 irashize, umuhanga uzwi cyane wo muri Suwede Scheler yahimbye icyatsi kibisi.Ubwoko bw'icyatsi ntibuzibagirana iyo urebye.Ni kure yo guhuzwa nibi byatsi bibisi bikozwe mubintu bisanzwe.Iyi "Scheler green" yateje sensation imaze gushyirwa ku isoko kubera igiciro cyayo gito.Ntabwo yatsinze izindi pigment nyinshi zicyatsi gusa, ahubwo yatsinze isoko ryibiribwa kumurongo umwe.
Bavuga ko abantu bamwe bakoresheje icyatsi cya Scheler kugirango basige ibiryo mu birori, ibyo bikaba byaratumye hapfa abashyitsi batatu.Icyatsi kibisi gikoreshwa cyane nabacuruzi mu isabune, gushushanya cake, ibikinisho, bombo n'imyambaro, kandi birumvikana ko gushushanya wallpaper.Mu gihe runaka, ibintu byose kuva mubuhanzi kugeza kubikenerwa bya buri munsi byari bikikijwe nicyatsi kibisi, harimo icyumba cya Napoleon n'ubwiherero.
Iki gice cya wallpaper ngo cyakuwe mubyumba bya Napoleon
Ibigize icyatsi cya Scheler ni umuringa arsenite, aho arsenic trivalent ifite uburozi bukabije.Ubuhungiro bwa Napoleon bwari bufite ikirere cyinshi kandi yakoresheje Scheler green wallpaper, yasohoye arsenic nyinshi.Bavuga ko hatazigera habaho ibitanda mucyumba kibisi, birashoboka kubera iyi mpamvu.Ku bw'amahirwe, icyatsi cya Scheler nyuma na Paris icyatsi kibisi, nacyo cyarimo arsenic, amaherezo gihinduka umuti wica udukoko.Byongeye kandi, izo arsenic zirimo amarangi yimiti yaje gukoreshwa mu kuvura sifilis, ku buryo runaka yahumekeye chimiotherapie.
Paul Ellis, se wa chimiotherapie
Cupreouranite
Nyuma yo guhagarika icyatsi cya Scheler, hari ikindi cyatsi giteye ubwoba muri vogue.Ku bijyanye no gukora ibi bikoresho bibisi bibisi, abantu ba kijyambere barashobora guhita babihuza na bombe za kirimbuzi nimirasire, kuko ari uranium.Abantu benshi ntibatekereza ko imiterere karemano yubutare bwa uranium ishobora kuvugwa ko ari nziza, izwi nka roza yisi.
Ubucukuzi bwa uraniyumu bwa mbere nabwo bwari ukuyongera mu kirahure nka tonier.Ikirahuri cyakozwe muri ubu buryo gifite urumuri rwatsi rworoshye kandi ni rwiza rwose.
Ikirahuri cya Uranium cyaka icyatsi munsi y'itara rya ultraviolet
Ifu yumuhondo uranium oxyde
Okiside ya uranium itukura orange itukura, nayo yongewe kubicuruzwa byubutaka nka toner.Mbere y'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, ibyo "byuzuye ingufu" ibicuruzwa bya uranium byari bikiri hose.Inganda za kirimbuzi zimaze kwiyongera ni bwo Amerika yatangiye kubuza abaturage gukoresha uraniyumu.Icyakora, mu 1958, komisiyo ishinzwe ingufu za kirimbuzi muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika yoroheje amategeko abuza, kandi uraniyumu yagabanutse yongeye kugaragara mu nganda z’ibumba no mu nganda z’ibirahure.
Kuva muri kamere kugeza kubikuramo, kuva mubikorwa kugeza synthesis, amateka yiterambere ryibibabi nabyo ni amateka yiterambere ryinganda zikora imiti.Ibintu byiza byose byamateka byanditswe mumazina yaya mabara.
Amagufwa yijimye yijimye, Umuhondo wumuhinde, Isonga yera, Chrome yumuhondo, Scheler icyatsi, Uranium icyatsi, Uranium orange.
Buri kimwe ni ibirenge bisigaye kumuhanda wubumuntu.Bimwe birahamye kandi bihamye, ariko bimwe ntabwo byimbitse.Gusa nukwibuka izo nzira, dushobora kubona umuhanda ugororotse.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-31-2021